ارزیابی انتقادی رویکرد دیوان بین المللی دادگستری در تفسیر متحولانه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

مدرس دانشگاه، دکتری حقوق بین الملل موسسه عالی ژنو، سوییس

چکیده

مقاله حاضر با بررسی انتقادی مبانی استدلالی دیوان بین المللی دادگستری در تفسیر متحولانه معاهدات بین المللی، توصیف رایج از رویکرد دیوان مبتنی بر شناسایی عبارات عام و کلی و قصد مفروض متعاهدین در استفاده از کلمات کلی را زیر سوال می برد. انتقادات اصلی مقاله در دو بخش ارائه می شوند. بخش نخست، با نگاهی به رویه دیوان به بیان این مساله می پردازد که تفسیر متنی مبنایی برای شناسایی عبارات کلی به دست نمی دهد. بخش دوم نشان می دهد که چگونه قصد واقعی یا مفروض متعاهدین مفهومی است بر ساخته‌ی خواننده متن و در نتیجه بی اعتبار در دادن پاسخی درست به پرسش زمان و تفسیر به عنوان یک معیار عینی. مقاله با بیان اینکه تفسیر در حقوق، تحلیلی است حقوقی در یک چارچوب حقوقی، مبنای درست برای تعیین تغییرپذیری معنای عبارات مندرج در یک معاهد در طول زمان را نتیجه تحلیل ماهیت حقوقی قاعده مورد نظر و هدف آن قاعده در چارچوب نظام حقوقی می داند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


  1. Refrences

    Cases

    1. Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Aegean Sea) Judgment [1978] I.C.J. Rep. p. 3.
    2. Boundary dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the frontier line between boundary post 62 and Mount Fitzroy, Award [1994].
    3. Case concerning rights of nationals of the United States of America in Morocco (Rights of US Nationals in Morocco) Judgment [1952] I.C.J. Rep. 176.
    4. Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights
 (Navigational Rights) (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) Judgment [2009] I.C.J. Rep. p. 213.
    5. Island of Palmas (or Miangas) (The Netherlands/The United States of America), Award [1928] P.C.A
    6. Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/ Namibia,) Judgment [1999] I.C.J. Rep. p. 1045, Declaration of Judge Higgins.
    7. Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras) (Frontier Dispute) Application to Intervene, Judgment [1990] I.C.J. Rep. 92.
    8. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) (Namibia) Advisory Opinion [1971] I.C.J. Rep. 16.
    9. Legal Status of Eastern Greenland case (Greenland) Judgment [1932] P.C.I.J. Series A/B 53.
    10. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Pulp Mills) (Argentina v. Uruguay) Judgment [2010] I.C.J. Rep. 14.
    11. Soering v. the United Kingdom (Soering v. UK) [7 July 1989] E.C.H.R. Series A no. 161.

     

    UN Documents

    1. Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission (ILC), finalized by Martti KOSKENNIEMI, UN Doc. A/CN.4/L/682 (2006).
    2. Fragmentation of international law: difficulties arising from the diversification and expansion of international law, Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission (ILC) UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.702, 18 July 2006, at 22-23. 
    3. The Montevideo Treaty of 7 April 1961, concerning the boundary constituted by the River Uruguay, United Nations, Treaty Series (UNTS), Vol. 1295, No. I-21425.

     

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