ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Impact of Iran-Iraq War on Iranian Children
The devastating Iran - Iraq war was the longest war of the 20 century, that also affected Iranian children from Sep 1980 to August 1988, suffering immediate or subsequent physical, mental, sociological and economic impacts. The focus of this paper is children’s victimisation as there are thousands of them killed, injured, captured as prisoners of war, acts that all are now categorised as grave violations of children rights during armed conflicts by the UN. To highlight the extent of these violations and their con-sequences, this study investigate ‘war of cities’ with missile attacks on Iranian cities, schools and hospital. Despite existence legal framework for protection the children in International Humanitarian Law and other documents, United Nations failed to positive action to protect them even as a moral imperative. Study will also recount stories of children affected by chemical weapons and remaining mines in western Iran, that still killing them.
http://www.iruns.ir/article_80915_212cbdf977c67dad00aead95452eb23a.pdf
2018-09-01
1
26
10.22034/iruns.2018.80915
children
Iran
Iraq
Iran-Iraq war
Nasrin
Mosaffa
nasrin.mosaffa@gmail.com
1
Professor of International Relations, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
1
--, “The confrontation of Adnan Kheirollah with the little soldier of Imam,” Iranian Student News Agency, April 2013. Available from <http://isna.ir/fa/news/92021408815/رویارویی-عدنان-خیرالله-با-سرباز-کوچک-امام-گفت. Accessed on 28 April 2013.
2
--, “Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988),” GlobalSecurity.org. Available at <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm>. Accessed on 28 April 2013.
3
Debre, Isabel, What War Does to Kids, 26 Feb 2013. Available at http://www.care2.com/causes/what-war-does-to-kids.html. Accessed on 10 May 2013.
4
Doroudian, Mohammad, From beginning to the end: a review of political and military events of the war from background of Iraq’s aggression to ceasefire. (Tehran: Center for Documents and Researches of the Sacred Defense, 2012).
5
Fried, J.H.E., “Transfer of Civilian Manpower from Occupied Territory,” (1946), AJIL 40 (1946), 307-8.
6
Fuzi, Yahya, “Application of Chemical Weapons by Iraq,” Quarterly of the History of War16. Available at:
7
http://www.aviny.com/Occasion/enghelab_jang/defaemoghaddas/84/selah-shimyaie.aspx.
8
Lubit, Roy H., “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” MEDSCAPE. Available at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/918844-overview. Accessed on 10 May 2013.
9
Maafi, Parvaneh, “Violence Against Women and Children during the imposed war.”
10
Machel, Graça, The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children (UNICEF, 1996). Available at www.unicef.org/graca/a51-306_en.pdf. Accessed on ........
11
Mohaghegh Damad, S., International Humanitarian Law: An Islamic Approach. (Tehran: Center for Publication of Islamic Studies, 2003), 110–113.
12
Mosaffa, N. (2011). Does the Covenant on the Rights of the Child in Islam Provide Adequate Protection for Children Affected by Armed Conflicts?. Muslim World Journal of Human Rights, 8(1), pp. -. Retrieved 7 Oct. 2018, from doi:10.2202/1554-4419.1220.
13
Omidi, Yazdan, “A report on the situation of injuries of the chemical attack on Zarde: Darken eyes and painful hearts, seeking the angel of death,” Yazd-e-Farda (2008). Available at http://www.yazdfarda.com/news/1392/03/12312.html.
14
SAJED, “Chemical Bombardment of Zarde,” Ensani (2006). Available at http://ensani.ir/fa/content/80099/default.aspx. Accessed on 10 July 2011.
15
Razoux, P., The Iran-Iraq War, Translated by Nicholas Elliott; Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 2015.
16
Sarhangi, Morteza, The Secrets of the imposed war, narrated by Iraqi PoWs. Volume 2. (Tehran: Hoze Honari, 1990).
17
Scientific Institute of Science and Education of Sacred Defense, “A review of consequences of application of chemical weapons on women and their children.” Available at http://www.dsrc.ir/view/article.aspx?id=1045. Accessed on July 2011.
18
Tavernier, Paul, ‘Combatants and Non-Combatants’ in Dekker, I. F., Post, H. G., eds.,The Gulf War of 1980-1988: The Iran-Iraq War in International Legal Perspective, Nederlands Instituut voor Sociaal en Economisch Recht: Brill, 1992.
19
Yahyavi, Seyed Hussein, “War of Cities.” Negin-e-Iran (The Specialized Quarterly on Sacred Defense) 10.36 (Spring 2011), pp. 25–39.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The UN Security Council and Iraq’s Disputed Internal Boundaries
The UN Security Council initially used the phrase ‘disputed internal boundaries’ in an operative part of Resolution 1770 (2007) and then reiterated it in preamble paragraphs of Resolutions 1883 (2009), 1936 (2010), 2001 (2011), 2061 (2012), 2110 (2013), 2169 (2014), 2233 (2015), 2299 (2016), 2367 (2017) and 2421 (2018). That was the first instance in the history the UNSC to use such phrase. This article tries to survey and analyze this unusual phrase in these resolutions and it`s legal repercussions in the light of Iraq’s constitution as well as the political situation there. It seems that the 15-member Council has repeatedly endorsed the obligation of Baghdad and the Kurdish Regional Government to resolve their outstanding disputes including internal boundaries based on the national constitution especially Article 140. According to the Security Council, there exists a critical link between maintaining peace and security and the peaceful settlement of disputes in Iraq.
http://www.iruns.ir/article_80916_ffd9a7a9b165bf682a30d747a4f2fa1f.pdf
2018-09-01
27
64
10.22034/iruns.2018.80916
UN Security Council
Disputed Internal Boundaries
Kirkuk
Kurdistan Regional Government
Sattar
Azizi
satarazizi@ymail.com
1
Associate Professor of International Law, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
A: books and Articles
1
Anderson Liam and Gareth Stansfield, Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethno politics of Conflict and Compromise, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
2
Bartu Peter “Wrestling with the Integrity of a Nation: The Disputed Internal Boundaries of Iraq” (2010), International Affairs,Vol. 86 No. 6
3
Frouville de Olivier , , “ On the Theory of the International Constitution” , in Denis ALLAND, Vincent CHETAIL, Olivier de FROUVILLE & Jorge E. VINUALES,eds., Unity and Diversity of International Law, Essays in Honour of Professor Pierre-Marie Dupuy, ( Boston:MartinusNijhoff Publisher, 2014).
4
Higgins Rosalyn, “ The Advisory Opinion on Namibia: Which UN Resolutions Are Binding under Article 25 of the Charter?”,( 1972 ), The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 2,pp. 270-286
5
Kane Sean, Iraq`s Disputed Territories: a view of the Political Horizon and Implications for U.S. Policy, United States Institute of Peace,2011
6
Morris Samuel, KhogirWirya, DlawerAla’Aldeen, The Future of Kirkuk :A Roadmap for Resolving the Status of the Governorate, The Middle East Research Institute, September 2015.
7
Öberg Marko Divac , ‘The Legal Effects of Resolutions of the UN Security Council and General Assembly in the Jurisprudence of the ICJ “, ( 2006 ), The European Journal of International Law, Vol.16, No.5, pp.879-906.
8
Ramcharan G. Bertrand, The Security Council and the Protection of Human Rights, ( Hague: MartinusNijhoff Publisher, 2002).
9
Mills Robin, Under the Mountains: Kurdish Oil and Regional Politics ,The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, University of Oxford, January 2016
10
Simma Bruno, Daniel ERASMUS KHAN, Georg NOLTE and Andreas PAULUS,eds., The Charter of the United Nations, ( Oxford University Press, 2012).
11
Wollf Stefan, “Governing (in) Kirkuk: resolving the status of a disputed territory in post-America Iraq”, ( 2010), International Affairs,vol. 86, No. 6.
12
Wood C. Michael, ,” The Interpretation of Security Council Resolutions”, Max Plank Yearbook of United Nations Law,( 2007), Volume 11, pp.73- 95.
13
B: Case law and Reports
14
Effects of Awards of Compensation made by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. Advisory Opinion, {1954} I.C.J.
15
Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion {1971} I.C.J.
16
Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion {1975} I.C.J.
17
Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion {2010} I.C.J.
18
The Legal Issues Involved In The Western Sahara Dispute The Principle of Self-Determination and the Legal Claims of Morocco, Committee on the United Nations, , New York City Bar,2012
19
Kirkuk Status Referendum Operational Concept’, The Center for Democracy and Civil Society at Georgetown University, (2013), http://ckro. georgetown.edu/resources/framework.
20
Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to resolution 2299 (2016) , S/2017/357 , 25 April 2017.
21
United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 (1991) on the situation in Iraq, 5th April 1991 (UN Doc S/RES/688 (1991)), OXIO 174. See: Oxford Public International Law (http://opil.ouplaw.com). (c) Oxford University Press, 2015.
22
S/RES/2325 (15 December 2016).
23
S/RES/2378 (20 September 2017).
24
S/RES/2396 (21 December 2017).
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
WTO Accession Commitments: A Law and Development Perspective
Regardless of the debates concerning the impact of the world trading system on developing countries’ “policy space,” evidence shows that a handful of these economies have been able to take advantage of the rules of the game to pursue their development objectives. The case of accession to the World Trade Organization is not an exception. However unruly and unfair, WTO accessions can either contribute to or hamper development depending on the details of accession commitments as well as the level of serious engagement on the part of the applicant county. Those acceding countries that were able to locate accession in their pre-determined development strategy, rather than an aim in itself, utilized this opportunity as a driver of sensible reforms. Rather than being captured by rent-seeking globalizing/neoliberal forces, the accession policy should be used as an instrument to enforce and embed a well-designed industrial development policy in a world of globalized production.
http://www.iruns.ir/article_80917_05906925febe6d69c16e749f9e95774f.pdf
2018-09-01
65
98
10.22034/iruns.2018.80917
World Trade Organization
Accession Commitments
Development
Sadeq
Ziaee Bigdeli
sadeq.zbigdeli@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
1
Amsden AH, Hikino T (2000) “The bark is worse than the bite: new WTO law and late industrialization. Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science 570(1):104-114. doi:10.1177/000271620057000108
2
Apecu Laker J (2014) African participation at the World Trade Organization: legal and institutional aspects, 1995–2010. Brill Nijhoff, Leiden
3
Bhagwati JN (2005) Reshaping the WTO. Far Eastern Economic Review 168(2):25-30. doi:10.7916/D8XK8N79
4
Bienen D, Mihretu ME (2010) The principle of fairness and WTO accession—an appraisal and assessment of consequences. Society of International Economic Law (SIEL), Second Biennial Global Conference, University of Barcelona, July 8-10, 2010. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1633043
5
Bown CP (2009) Self-enforcing trade: developing countries and WTO settlement. Brookings Institution, Washington, DC
6
Butkeviciene J, Hayashi M, Ognivtsev V, Yamaoka T (2001) Terms of WTO accession. In: UNCTAD (ed) WTO accession and development policies. United Nations, New York and Geneva, pp 155-179
7
Carzaniga A, Lim AH, Lee J (2015) Services market opening: salience, results, and meaning. In: Dadush U, Osakwe C (eds) WTO accession and trade multilateralism: case studies and lessons from the WTO at twenty. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 641-663
8
Cattaneo O, Primo Braga CA (2009) Everything you always wanted to know about WTO accession (but were afraid to ask). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5116. doi:10.1596/1813-9450-5116
9
Cottier T (2006) From progressive liberalization to progressive regulation in WTO law. Journal of International Economic Law 9(4):779-821. doi:10.1093/jiel/jgl029
10
Davis C, Wilf M (2011) Joining the club: accession to the WTO/GATT. Paper presented at American Political Science Association (APSA) Annual Meeting, Seattle.
11
Drabek Z, Woo W (2010) Who should join the WTO and why?: a cost-benefit analysis of WTO membership. In: Drabek Z (ed) Is the world trade organization attractive enough for emerging economies. New York, Palgrave Macmillan
12
Dunoff J (2007) What is wrong with inactivity?: comment on Nordstrom’s developing countries in the WTO. In: Bermann GA, Mavroidis PC (eds) WTO law and developing countries. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 186-194
13
Ebrill L, Stotsky J, Gropp R (1999) Revenue implications of trade liberalization. IMF Occasional Paper 180. International Monetary Fund.
14
Economist (2011, Dec 10) China’s economy and the WTO—all change. http://www.economist.com/node/21541448. Accessed 7 Jul 2017
15
Evenett S, Primo Braga CA (2006) WTO accession: moving the goalposts?. In: Newfarmer R (ed) Trade, Doha, and development: a window into the issues. World Bank, Washington, DC, pp 227-242
16
Finger JM (2002) The Doha agenda and development: a view from the Uruguay Round. Asian Development Bank, Manila
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Haddad M, Hollweg C, Portugal-Perze A (2015) The Structural reform implications of WTO accession. In: Dadush U, Osakwe C (eds) WTO accession and trade multilateralism: case studies and lessons from the WTO at twenty. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 81-121
18
Hoekman B (2002) Strengthening the global trade architecture for development: the post-Doha agenda. World Trade Review 1(1):23-45. doi:10.1017/S1474745601001008
19
Hoekman B (2005) Operationalizing the concept of policy space in the WTO: beyond special and differential treatment. Journal of International Economic Law 8(2):405-424. doi:10.1093/jielaw/jgi027
20
Hudec R (1987) Developing countries in the GATT legal system. Trade Policy Research Center, London. Re-issued in 2010 by Cambridge University Press
21
Irwin D, Mavroidis P, Sykes A (2008) The genesis of the GATT. Cambridge University Press, New York
22
Kavass II (2007) WTO accession: procedure, requirements, and costs. Journal of World Trade 41(3):453-474.
23
Kessie E, Apea Y (2006) The participation of African countries in the multilateral trading system. African Yearbook of International Law 12(1):9-66. doi:10.1163/221161704X00024
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Khor M (2008) The world trading system and development concerns. In: Serra N, Stiglitz JE (eds) The Washington consensus re-considered: towards a new global governance. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 215-259. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534081.003.0011
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Kireyev (2015) The macroeconomic implications of WTO accession. In: Dadush U, Osakwe C (eds) WTO accession and trade multilateralism: case studies and lessons from the WTO at twenty. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 122-160
26
Lacey S (2007) WTO Accession from the perspective of WTO members: the view from the other side of the table. In: Streatfield J, Lacey S (eds) New reflections on international trade: essays on agriculture, WTO accession, and systemic issues. Cameron May, London
27
Laird S (2009) Cost of implementation of WTO agreements. In: Drabek Z (ed) Is the World Trade Organization attractive enough for emerging economies?:critical essays on the multilateral trading system. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, pp 333-347
28
Low P (2007) Is the WTO doing enough for developing countries?. In: Bermann GA, Mavroidis PC (eds) WTO law and developing countries. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 324-357
29
Maggi G, Rodriguez-Clare A (1998) The value of trade agreements in the presence of political pressures. Journal of Political Economy 106(3):574-601. doi:10.1086/250022
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Mavroidis PC (2015) Taking care of business: the legal affairs division from the GATT to the WTO. In: Marceau (ed) A history of law and lawyers in the GATT/WTO: the development of the rule of law in the multilateral trading system. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 236-243
31
Neumayer E (2013) Strategic delaying and concessions extraction in accession negotiations to the World Trade Organization: an analysis of Working Party membership. World Trade Review 12(4):669-692. doi:10.1017/S147474561300013X
32
Osakwe C (2011) Developing countries and the GATT/WTO rules: dynamic transformations in trade policy behavior and performance. Minnesota Journal of International Law 20(2):639-672. http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Osakwe-Final-Version.pdf. Accessed 7 Jul 2017
33
Osakwe C (2015) Contributions and lessons from WTO accessions: the present and future of the rules-based multilateral trading system. In: Dadush U, Osakwe C (eds) WTO accession and trade multilateralism: case studies and lessons from the WTO at twenty. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 119-148.
34
Rodrik D (2007) One economics, many recipes: globalization, institutions, and economic Growth. Princeton University Press, Princeton
35
Santos A (2012) Carving out policy autonomy for developing countries in the World Trade Organization: the experience of Brazil and Mexico. Virginia Journal of International Law Association 52(3):551-632.
36
Serra N and Stiglitz JE (eds) (2008) The Washington consensus re-considered: towards a new global governance. Oxford University Press, New York
37
Stiglitz JE (2008) The future of global governance. In: Serra N and Stiglitz JE (eds) The Washington consensus re-considered: towards a new global governance. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 309-323
38
Subramanian A, Wei SJ (2007) The WTO promotes trade, strongly but unevenly. Journal of International Economics 72(1):151-175. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.07.007
39
Tang MK, Wei SJ (2009) The value of making commitments externally: evidence from WTO accessions. Journal of International Economics 78(2):216-229. doi: 10.1016/ j.jinteco. 2009.01.008
40
Trachtman J (2009) Developing countries, the Doha Round, preferences and the right to regulate. In: Thomas C, Trachtman J (eds) Developing countries in the WTO legal system. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 11-128
41
http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditctab2016d2_en.pdf. Accessed 14 Oct 2017
42
WTO [World Trade Organization] (1995) Accession to the World Trade Organization procedures for negotiations under Article XII—note by the secretariat, WT/ACC/1
43
WTO [World Trade Organization] (2001) WTO document—Protocol of accession (Working Party Report), China, WT/ACC/CHN/49
44
WTO [World Trade Organization] (2005) WTO document—Protocol of accession (Working Party Report), Saudi Arabia, WT/L/627
45
WTO [World Trade Organization] (2011) WTO document—Protocol of Accession (Working Party Report), Russian Federation, WT/MIN(11)/24, WT/L/839
46
WTO [World Trade Organization] (2014) World tariff profiles. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/tariff_profiles14_e.pdf. Accessed 5 Aug 2015.
47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Protection of Places with The UN Flag (UN Premises) During Armed Conflicts in The Framework of the Contrast Between International Humanitarian Law And UN Regulations
Given that the UN has increased its humanitarian activities over the past years and sometimes uses its own places and bases to shelter displaced civilians, the protection of such places during armed conflicts is an issue that can be a subject of an independent study. International humanitarian laws, both customary and conventional, call for the places with a UN flag to be granted immunity. The statute of the International Criminal Court has, particularly, taken the issue into consideration. The UN regulations, including the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations (1946), too, have taken into account the issue to a greater extent. Still, there remain certain contradictions between the aforementioned legal instruments that will be discussed in the current paper. Nonetheless, the international humanitarian laws and the UN regulations, aimed at protecting the UN flag, have been sadly trespassed during recent wars and armed conflicts worldwide.
http://www.iruns.ir/article_80918_dcea5f20937b7b39efdb6bfe31c41ceb.pdf
2018-09-01
99
118
10.22034/iruns.2018.80918
UN Premises
humanitarian law
Customary Law
1946 Convention
Immunity
Seyed Hesamoddin
Lesani
lesani77@yahoo.com
1
Assistant professor in Hazrate Masoumeh University
LEAD_AUTHOR
References:
1
Lance BARTHOLOMEUSZ, The Legal Framework for Protection of United Nations Humanitarian Premises during Armed Conflict, Volume 18, (Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online, 2014).
2
Jean-Marie HENCKAERTS and Louise DOSWALD-BECK, eds., Customary International Humanitarian Law, ICRC, (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
3
ICJ, Nuclear Weapons Case (1996), Advisory Opinion
4
ICTY, Kupreskic Case, Judgment, January 14, 2000
5
ICTY, Kordic and Cerkez Case, February 26, 2001
6
UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 1995/89, 8 March 1995
7
UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 1995/91, March 8, 1995
8
UN General Assembly, Res. 47/121, 18 December 1992
9
UN General Assembly Res. 69/88 (December 16, 2014)
10
UNRWA ‘Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: Statement by UNRWA (December 17, 2014)
11
UN Security Council, Res. 1265, September 17, 1999
12
UN Security Council, Res. 757, May 30, 1992
13
UN Security Council, Res. 788, 19 November 1992
14
UN Security Council, Res. 1173, June 12, 1998
15
UN Security Council, Res. 587, 23 September 1986
16
UN Security Council, Res. 1099, March 14, 1997
17
UN Security Council, Res. 1036, January 12, 1996
18
UN Security Council, Res. 1313, 4 August 2000
19
UN Security Council, Res. 1075, 11 October 1996
20
UN Security Council, Res. 1087, December 11, 1996
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Critical Evaluation of the ICJ Approach in Evolutionary Interpretation
This article aims to evaluate the underlying foundation of the reasoning of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on evolutionary interpretation of treaties. The paper questions the common narrative on the evolutionary interpretation based on the generic nature of terms and the presumed intention. It argues that the decision about genericity of terms cannot be decided on the basis of the textual interpretation of the terms of a treaty. Nor, the intention of the parties or the presumed intention can provide the proper ground for making such a decision, as the intention of a writer is always constructed by the reader. Based on the idea that interpretation of law is an act within the legal sphere that follows the rationality of that legal system, the paper argues that what determines the content of a norm to evolve in time is its legal nature considered together with the purpose it aims to serve within the ambit of a legal system.
http://www.iruns.ir/article_80919_292b8eb8c370df8ba8d1567128e4363d.pdf
2018-09-01
119
144
10.22034/iruns.2018.80919
International Court of Justice
Treaties
evolution
Legal system
interpretation
Katayoun
Hosseinnejad
katayoun.hossein@graduateinstitute.ch
1
Instructor, PhD in International Law from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
LEAD_AUTHOR
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Aegean Sea) Judgment [1978] I.C.J. Rep. p. 3.
1
Boundary dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the frontier line between boundary post 62 and Mount Fitzroy, Award [1994].
2
Case concerning rights of nationals of the United States of America in Morocco (Rights of US Nationals in Morocco) Judgment [1952] I.C.J. Rep. 176.
3
Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights
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4
Island of Palmas (or Miangas) (The Netherlands/The United States of America), Award [1928] P.C.A
5
Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/ Namibia,) Judgment [1999] I.C.J. Rep. p. 1045, Declaration of Judge Higgins.
6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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11
UN Documents
12
Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission (ILC), finalized by Martti KOSKENNIEMI, UN Doc. A/CN.4/L/682 (2006).
13
Fragmentation of international law: difficulties arising from the diversification and expansion of international law, Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission (ILC) UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.702, 18 July 2006, at 22-23.
14
The Montevideo Treaty of 7 April 1961, concerning the boundary constituted by the River Uruguay, United Nations, Treaty Series (UNTS), Vol. 1295, No. I-21425.
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Richard K. GARDINER, Treaty Interpretation, The Oxford International Law Library (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
35
Ronald DWORKIN, “Comment,” in Antonin SCALIA, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law, (Princeton University Press, 1998) 115–29.
36
Rosalyn HIGGINS, “Time and the Law: International Perspectives on an Old Problem,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46, no. 3 (1997): 501–20.
37
Sarah-Jane LESLIE and Adam LERNER, “Generic Generalizations,” in Edward N. ZALTA, eds. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2016, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/generics/.
38
Stephen NEALE, “Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language,” Linguistics and Philosophy 15, no. 5 (1992): 509–559.
39
Wil WALUCHOW, “Constitutionalism,” in Edward N. ZALTA, ed.The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2014, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/constitutionalism/.
40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Prominence of Statelessness in the Work of United Nations: From Framing International Regime to Mandating Special Agency
The statelessness has marked significantly the agenda of the United Nations from early days of its inception in 1945. Its series of activities focused largely on the development of international legal framework in the post-World War II until 1960s. However, despite growing statelessness and the negative impact on fundamental rights of people around the world, the issue remained off the global agenda for almost three decades. Not only states, but even scholars and practitioners had until recently ignored the scope and nature of the statelessness. It was only in the mid-1990s, the issue regained international attention, with the UN General Assembly expanding the mandate of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees to also encompass the plight of stateless people. The current paper discusses the content and scope of the statelessness regime which gave birth to two universal instruments. It also explores the mandate and global actions of the UNHCR on statelessness. Conceiving the statelessness as a human rights issue, this article seeks to understand whether the endeavors within UN adequately respond to the magnitude of the problem. This article discusses the content and scope of the international statelessness regime which gave birth to two universal instruments. It also explores the mandate and global actions of UNHCR on statelessness. As activities and actions of UN to encounter statelessness as an “anomaly” are based on its root cause and consequences, therefore they will be briefly analyzed in this paper. Conceiving the statelessness as a human rights issue, this article seeks to understand whether the endeavors within UN adequately respond to the magnitude of the problem.
http://www.iruns.ir/article_80920_329e525340f6d0cbafa4c35ad2e26e14.pdf
2018-09-01
145
170
10.22034/iruns.2018.80920
nationality
Human rights
Discrimination
State Succession
Displacement
Safinaz
Jadali
safinaz.jadali@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor at Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch,Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References:
1
Alice EDWARDS and Laura VAN WAAS, eds., Nationality and Statelessness, (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
2
Journn BRANDVOLL, “Deprivation of Nationality: Limitations on Rendering Persons Stateless Under International Law” in Alice EDWARDS and Laura VAN WAAS, eds., Nationality and Statelessness, (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
3
Gérard-René DE GROOT, “Children, Their Right to a Nationality and Child Statelessness” in Alice EDWARDS and Laura VAN WAAS, eds., Nationality and Statelessness, (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
4
Guy S. GOODWIN-GILL, Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, available at United Nations Audio-visual Library of International Law
5
Michelle FOSTER and Hélène LAMBERT, eds., Statelessness as a Human Rights Issue: A Concept Whose Time Has Come, (2016), International Journal of International Law,Vol. 28,No.4
6
Jeffrey L.BLACKMAN, “State Succession and Statelessness: The Emerging Right to an Effective Nationality Under International Law” (1998), Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 19
7
Mark MANLY, “UNHCR’s Mandate and Activities to Address Statelessness” in Alice EDWARDS and Laura VAN WAAS, eds., Nationality and Statelessness, (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
8
Sophie NONNENMACHER and Ryszard CHOLEWINSKI, “The Nexus Between Statelessness and Migration” in Alice EDWARDS and Laura VAN WAAS, eds., Nationality and Statelessness, (Cambridge University Press, 2014)
9
Matthew SEET, “The Origins of UNHCR’s Global Mandate on Statelessness” (2016) International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 28, No.1
10
Martin STILLER, “Statelessness in International Law: A Historic Review” (2012), DAJV Newsletter
11
UN Documents:
12
UN General Assembly Resolution 3274 (XXIV), 25/01/2006
13
Guiding Note of the Secretary General, The United Nations and Statelessness, June 2011
14
A Study of Statelessness, United Nations, August 1949, E/1112;E/1112/Add.1
15
Handbook On Protection Of Stateless Persons, UNHCR, Geneva, 2014, 12,
16
Nationality and Statelessness, A Handbook for Parliamentarians, Inter-Parliamentary Union,
17
International Law Commission, Elimination of Statelessness, Yearbook (Vol. II), 1951, 121
18
UNHCR Background Note on Gender Equality, Nationality Laws and Statelessness, 2017
19
UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/50/152 on “Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees”, 09/02/1996
20
Executive Committee, “General Conclusion on International Protection”, Conclusion No. 68 (XLIII), 1992
21
Executive Committee of the UN High Commissioner for Refugee’s Program, “Prevention and Reduction of Statelessness and the Protection of Stateless Persons”, Conclusion No. 78(XLVI) 1995
22
Executive Committee of the UN High Commissioner for Refugee’s Program, “Prevention and Reduction of Statelessness and the Protection of Stateless Persons”. Conclusion No. 78 (XLVI)1995
23
Executive Committee, “Conclusion on Identification, Prevention and Reduction of Statelessness and Protection of Stateless Persons”, Conclusion No. 106 (LVII), 2006
24
UNHCR Global Action Plan to End Statelessness, 2014
25
UNHCR #IBelong Campaign to End Statelessness, October 2017
26
Human Rights Council, Human Rights and Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality, Report of Secretary General, 2009, A/HRC/13/34
27
Universal Period Review-29th Session: Overview and Analysis of Recommendations Made on Nationality and Statelessness
28
Annual Report of The United Nations High Commissioner For Human Rights And Reports of the Office Of The High Commissioner And The Secretary General”, 2009, A/HRC/10/34
29
Universal Period Review-29th Session: Overview and Analysis of Recommendations Made on Nationality and Statelessness”.
30
Nationality Decrees Issued in Tunis and Morocco on Nov. 8th, Advisory Opinion, 1923, P.C.I.J (ser.B) No. 4 (Feb.7)
31
Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala); Second Phase, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 6 April 1955
32
Pham v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2015] UKSC 19, [2015] 1 WLR 1591
33
Dickson Car Wheel Company (USA) v. United Mexican States, Report of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. IV, 678, http:// legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_IV/669-691.pdf,accessed 29/03/2018
34
R (Al Rawi) v Foreign Secretary [2006] EWHC 976 (Admin)
35
Inter-America Court of Human Rights, Proposed Amendments to the Naturalization Provision of the Political.
36
Constitution of Costa Rica, Advisory Opinion, OC-4/84, 1984, Series A No.4.
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evolution of Development in the Changing Context of the United Nations
The concept of development has changed over periods of time and gained momentum particularly after the end of WWII. The establishment of the United Nations (UN) brought about a new dimension to this concept in international relations. In other words, the development then came into a concrete meaning, mostly understood as economic growth and one-sided process dominating the functioning of the UN and relations among the States during the Cold War. Although, the issue has gone through many changes and phases in the context of the UN, yet the end of the Cold War and the emergence of globalization are considered as turning points in bringing about a whole new idea, giving development a multi-dimensional meaning and becoming a multitude process under the framework of Sustainable Development which eventually led the UN to play a proactive role unlike the past. This paper tries to study and analyse the fact that how the concept of development has qualitatively changed under the UN auspices and the emergence of globalization in order to offer a better understanding of the changing role of the UN in the realization of sustainable development and future nature of international system.
http://www.iruns.ir/article_80921_7e514af63198d5e5ab2f88b0b4202106.pdf
2018-09-01
171
214
10.22034/iruns.2018.80921
UN
Development
sustainable development
globalization
international relations
Majidreza
Momeni
momenimajidreza@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Aramesh
Shahbazi
arameshshahbazi@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
References:
1
Andreas Georg Scherer, Guido Palazzo, Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility, The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility, A. Crane, A. McWilliams, D. Matten, J. Moon, D. Siegel (eds), Oxford University Press 2008, pp. 5-6.
2
Brakman, S., Garretsen, H., van Marrewijk, C., and can Witteloostuijn, A. (2006). Nations and Firms in the Global Economy. An Introduction to International Economics and Business. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 25-26.
3
Dadzie Kenneth, The United Nations and Problem of Economic Development, in Roberts Adam and Kingsbury Benedict (eds.), United Nations, Divided World: The UN’S Roles in International Relations, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1990, p. 140.
4
G. Weiss Thomas, Carayannis Tatiana, Emmerij Louis and Jolly Richard, (2005), UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice, Indiana University Press, USA, pp. 161-62.
5
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6
Heywood Andrew, Global Politics, (2011), Palgrave Macmillan, UK, pp. 355-58
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Jolly Richard, Emmerij Louis, Ghai Dharam, and Lapeyre Frederic, (2004), UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice, Indiana University Press, USA, p.13
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Thomas Caroline, Poverty, Development and Hunger in Baylis John and Smith Steve (eds.), (2001), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Oxford University Press, pp. 562-63
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Gupta, J., Baud, I., Bekkers, R., Bernstein, S., Boas, I., Cornelissen, V., et al. (2014). Sustainable development goals and inclusive development, available at 2015/UNU-IAS Policy Brief no.4. http://sdg.earthsystemgovernance.org/sdg/publications/sustainable-development-goals-and-inclusive-development (last visited on 20/3/2018).
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Shahbazi Aramesh, Sustainable Development or the Sustainability of Development in International Law, International Law Review, [Persian]vol. 42, 1389, pp. 127-28.
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27
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28
Declaration on the Right to Development, G.A. Res. 41/128, U.N.
29
GLOBALIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT, DGIS-Wageningen UR partnership for pro-poor development, available at https:// www.wur.nl/upload_mm/0/0/7/f6902bcb-6415-41bc-b2eb-c0b3dd33b183_dgiswurfinalfulltext.pdf (last visited on 10/04/20180.
30
High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, Available at http:// www.un.org/en/mdg/summit2010/pdf/HLPM%202010_CRP_Side%20events.pdf (last visited on 10/2/2015).
31
http://www.un.org/esa/about_esa.html (last visited on 10/04/2018)
32
On September 25th 2015, countries adopted a set of goals to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all as part of a new sustainable development agenda. Each goal has specific targets to be achieved over the next 15 years. See https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals (last visited on 21/03/2018).
33
Policy Note, Committee for Development Policy, The United Nations Development Strategy Beyond (2015), available at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications/2012cdppolicynote.pdf (last visited on 10/1/2018).
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36
Rio+20 - took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 20-22 June 2012. It resulted in a focused political outcome document which contains clear and practical measures for implementing sustainable development. See https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/ (last visited on 11/11/2017).
37
The United Nations Development Agenda: Development for All Goals, commitments and strategies agreed at the United Nations world conferences and summits since 1990, ST/ESA/316, United Nations, (2007), p.2.
38
Committee for Development Policy Note: The United Nations Development Strategy Beyond 2015, United Nations, 2012, p. 4, available at http:// www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications/2012cdppolicynote.pdf (last visited on 20/03/2018).
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Maritime Crimes Threatening Regional Security: Iran’s Legal Perspective towards the United Nations’ Holistic Approach
Over the past years, Iran’s surrounding maritime area in the Middle East and Indian Ocean has encountered with a number of security threats, including piracy and armed robbery at sea, terror acts, illicit trafficking in arms and weapons of mass destruction, human trafficking as well as illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and unlawful damage to the marine environment. Piracy and armed, in particular, as the main concerns can undermine local, regional and international security and stability. The following article tries to address the issues, with special focus on the eradication of organized maritime crimes through the international legal framework governed by the United Nations’ holistic approach. The study analyzes Iran’s own legal perspective on maritime security challenges and the ocean governance contributing to eradicate security threats.To this end, the paper encompasses various aspects and dimensions of the topic from the perspective of international law and the UN stewardship.
http://www.iruns.ir/article_80922_d08d1422515e4bc44f499a4b00c521d6.pdf
2018-09-01
215
248
10.22034/iruns.2018.80922
Maritime Security
Organized crimes
Iran’s Legal Perspective
United Nations Approach
Zakieh
Taghizadeh
z.taghizadeh.p@gmail.com
1
PhD Candidate in International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tehran, Collage of Farabi, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
References:
1
Books and Articles:
2
AGARWAL, Sunil Kumar, “Contemporary Challenges of Security in the Indian Ocean Region”, SSRN (June 2011) online: SSRN.
3
BARNIDGE, Robert P., “The Due Diligence Principle under International Law” (2006), Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 81.
4
BECKMAN, Robert C., “Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Southeast Asia: The Way Forward” (2002), Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 33, No. 3-4.
5
BORGESE, Elisabeth Mann., and Francois N. BAILET, “Technology Cooperation and Transfer, Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea: A Discussion Paper in Two Parts for UNICPOLOS II” (2003), Ocean Yearbook, Vol. 17.
6
BRADFORD, John F., “Shifting the Tides Against Piracy in Southeast Asian Waters” (2008), Asian Survey, Vol. 48, No. 3.
7
CHALK, Peter, “The Evolving Dynamics of Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea in Modern Era: Scope, Dimensions, Dangers and Policy Responses”(2009), Maritime Affairs, Journal of National Maritime Foundation of India, Vol. 5, No. 1.
8
Christopher L. DANIELS, Somali Piracy and Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, (United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press, 2012).
9
DUTTON, Yvonne M., “Maritime Piracy and the Impunity Gap: Domestic Implementation of International Treaty Provisions” in Michael J. STRUETT, Jon D. CARLSON, and Mark T. NANCE, eds., Maritime Piracy and the Construction of Global Governance, (United Kingdom: Routledge, the New International Relations Series, 2013).
10
ELLEMAN, Bruce A., Andrew FORBES and David ROSENBERG, Piracy and Maritime Crime; Historical and Modern Case Studies, (Rhode Island: Naval War College Newport Papers, 2010).
11
GANDHI, Manimuthu, “National Security and Maritime Law: Emergence of Unilateralism and Other Forms of Challenges to Universal International Law” (2009) Indian Journal of International Law, Vol. 49
12
GAROFANO, John, Andrea J. DEW, eds., Deep Currents and Rising Tides: The Indian Ocean and International Security (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2013),
13
GOLITSYN, Vladimir, “Maritime Security (Case of Piracy)”, in Holger HESTERMEYER (et al), eds., Coexistence, Cooperation and Solidarity, Liber Amicorum: RudigerWolfrum, (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012).
14
GOTTLIEB, Yaron, “Combating Maritime Piracy: Inter-Disciplinary Cooperation and Information Sharing Case” (2014) Western Journal of International Law, Vol. 47.
15
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GUILFOYLE, Douglas, Shipping Interdiction and the Law of the Sea (London: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
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18
KLEIN, Natalie; Joanna MOSSOP and Donald R. ROTHWELL, eds, Maritime Security, International Law and Policy Perspectives from Australia and New Zealand, (London: Routledge, 2010),
19
KLEIN, Natalie, Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea (London: Oxford, 2011).
20
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23
MO, John, “Options to Combat Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia”(2002), Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 33, No 3-4.
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34
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35
International Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (the SUA Convention)
36
International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, New York, 1999.
37
International Expert Group on Piracy off the Somali Coast (Workshop commissioned by the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General to Somalia Ahmed OuldAbdallah, 21 Nov. 2008).
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42
Report of the Secretary-General on Oceans and the law of the Sea, Secretary-General of the UN, 10 March 2008, UN Doc. A/63/63.
43
Resolution 1988/8 of 25 May 1988 of the Economic and Social Council acting on the basis of the General Assembly resolutions 39/141 of 14 December 1984 and 42/111 of 7 December 1987.
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